An approach, based on elements of Graph theory, is used for quantitative evaluation of structural components of the oxide melts. It is considered on the example of silicate melts with silicon-oxygen ions as the main structural components. Ions have different degree of complexity and are in chemical equilibrium to one another and to 'free' oxygen ions. An analysis of numerical values of anionic and cationic structural components shows that the proposed approach is promising for revealing the regular relations between structure and properties of multicomponent melts.