The results of the 20- to 50-year monitoring of phytocoenoses that form on the fly ash dumps of thermal power stations located in the Urals (Russia) in various zonal and climatic conditions (taiga zone and forest-steppe zone) were summarized. The tasks of biological recultivation were the formation of productive biogeocoenoses for agricultural and forestry purposes, as well as the making recreational zones. Schemes of the phytocoenoses formation in the recultivated and non-recultivated territories of fly ash dumps were compiled based on specific geobotanical descriptions. The subsequent transformation of phytocoenoses in the sites of fly ash dumps using different methods of biological recultivation (covering with peat and/or loam, watering with sewage, sowing perennial grasses) was shown. The influence of recultivation measures on the properties of the substrate, productivity, and biodiversity of phytocoenoses formed in the fly ash dumps was analyzed.