The structural transformation of the labor market during a period of significant technological changes leads to a deterioration in employment opportunities, an increase in wage inequality and, as a result, in the short term, negatively affects the development of human capital. The purpose of this article is to study the features of the structural transformation and polarization of the Russian labor market in the digital economy. Based on the analysis of statistical materials on the national labor market in the period from 2008 to 2021 and the assessment of the probability of computerization of professions using the ISCO-08 classification, the authors conclude that digital transformation leads to improved opportunities for the development of highly qualified jobs in the service sector of the economy, but there is also a significant reduction in jobs requiring an average level of qualification. The originality of the study lies in the combination of methods for analyzing structural indicators of the labor market and assessing the likelihood of computerization of professions to study the phenomenon of digital polarization - a significant reduction in the number of jobs for holders of medium-skilled professions and an increase in the likelihood of crowding out low-skilled jobs due to the adaptation of Industry 4.0 technologies. The results of the study can be used to improve human capital management policies in the Russian regions, since polarization essentially reduces opportunities for mid-level professionals and significantly increases the threshold for investment in education and professional development, which is necessary to obtain competitive wages in the labor market.