The development of fundamental science with the help of crafts, i. e. new technologies, and crafts with the help of sciences, was realized in the Academy of Arts and Sciences founded at the order of Peter I on January 28 (February 8), 1724 in St. Petersburg. The name of the academy was meant to demonstrate the intent and vision for the development of science, technology, and industry in their complex relationship. Being practical and pragmatic, Peter Alekseevich was impressed by Leibniz’s proposals to incorporate “arts” into the Academy of Sciences. Why is it G. W. Leibniz’s role that stands out if it has already become commonplace in the narrative of the nineteenth-century Academy of Sciences? For almost 20 years (from 1697 to 1716), in many of his notes to Peter, Leibniz insisted that it was urgent that a central institution (collegium) for “arts and sciences” be established. Also, he maintained that it should supervise “artists and artisans with their works”, which meant a connection between theory and practice in the new academy. “Nothing can be so important <…> as science and art”, wrote Leibniz in his rst note to the tsar in 1697 which might not have reached him, but carried the main ideas outlined by Leibniz later. Thus, the combination was not Peter’s “whim”, but served the purpose of generation of practical scienti c knowledge with the help of applied sciences which could help implement Peter’s transformations, including for the development of the manufacturing industry - the main source of wealth according to the theory of cameralism. The key to the success of the reforms of Peter’s visionary and his academic project was the change in the worldview of the new generation, the worldview revolution that took place in the minds of the Russian elites, without which the idea of the Academy would not have been accepted or would not have been implemented so quickly.