The article examines the historical experience and modern challenges of civic education (citizenship and civic identity) in Russia. The authors analyze the influence of political and socio-cultural factors on these processes and consider the role of the state, society and education in creating a favorable environment for the development of civic qualities. The article pays special attention to the study of the role and significance of historical events and symbols for the education of a person's civic identity, his active citizenship. The authors identify several historical periods, starting from the end of the 19th century and ending with the current state of the problem. The problems and challenges associated with the process of formation of citizenship and identity in modern Russia are discussed, including social and economic inequalities, national and cultural differences, and other factors. The article is a valuable analytical material for researchers and practitioners dealing with the problems of civic identity and the development of civil society in Russia.