Currently, the problem of research of the specifics of the university teachers’ professional activity is relevant, which is explained by significant changes of the professional activity of a university teacher: the functionality is expanding, the requirements for competence are increasing, and the level of stress is growing. Professional activity, as a predictor of professional and personal development and the basis of human subjectivity, allows the teacher to achieve a high level of professionalism, successfully overcome emerging obstacles, and effectively respond to the challenges of the professional environment. Despite the importance of this psychological phenomenon, this problem is studied in the literature a little. The purpose of the research to study the structure of professional activity of university teachers. In our study, by factor analysis we proposed hypothesis about the structure of professional activity, which received empirical confirmation. Main substructures of professional activity are highlighted and described, namely “Focus on the world around you”, “Focus on yourself”, “Focus on stability”, “Focus on functionality”. We showed the contribution of each of them to the general structure of the phenomenon with a description of the constructive and destructive aspects of each substructure. A preliminary set of measures for the development of professional activity of university teachers is also proposed. The results of the study can be used in psychological diagnostics, psychological counselling in the context of professional development, in management, in trainings, games and other forms of activities aimed at developing professional activity and contributing to the self-realization of a person.