The article analyzes the territorial and natural resource potential of Syria, which can ensure the development of its economy and social sphere in the XXI century. The author characterizes this potential as significant, but the economy as a whole - as a post-conflict one with all the negative trends and processes inherent in it. However, the existing potential can fully ensure the sustainable and long-term socio-economic development of Syria, if it is used effectively. The author notes the negative role of international economic sanctions, as well as the civil war, in the use of economic potential. The article concludes that it is necessary to develop the resource potential of Syria, including through international cooperation.