The serious depletion of natural resources and the high cost of their extraction, increase in greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the increase in energy consumption require a radical change in the technologies for generating and consuming electricity and building a “green” economy. In this regard, the topic of the study that analyzes the prospects for the hydrogen energy transition as a crucial way to improve energy efficiency is relevant. The purpose of the study is to analyze the prospects for using hydrogen fuel in solving environmental problems and overcoming the energy crisis. The study is novel in that it systematizes the international experience and Russian practice of energy efficiency, assesses the prospects for the hydrogen industry development, and analyzes possible scenarios for implementing the state energy policy in the Russian Federation. The hypothesis about the benefits of using hydrogen fuel as the main response to energy problems in Russia and abroad is confirmed.