The article touches on the key points of the philosophical conception of A. T. Bolotov - the Russian philosopher of the XXIII century, scientist, person of encyclopedic knowledge, poet. Special attention is paid to his anthropological and gnoseological views. The paper claims that the Russian philosophy of the XVIII century was characterized by the aspiration not only to develop its own original philosophical systems but also to bring up a new modern educated and energetic personality on their basis. Exactly that the Russian philosopher A. T. Bolotov considered as his goal.