The effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD), and also subsequent low-temperature annealing, and irradiation with argon ions on structural and phase transformations in alloy 1441 based on the Al-Li-Cu-Mg system was studied by transmission electron microscopy. It has been established that ion irradiation of 200 μm thick samples of 1441 alloy (subjected to SPD) by 20 keV Ar+ ions for 1 s (the accompanying heating of the samples by an ion beam is 160 °C in the absence of soaking at this temperature) leads to the formation of completely recrystallized submicrocrystalline structure with an average grain size of 0.5-0.8 μm. The processes occurring during irradiation differ from those observed during low-temperature annealing ( T = 160 °C, 15 h). The conducted research testifies to the significant role of nanoscale dynamic effects in cascade-forming irradiation. These effects, together with the high degree of nonequilibrium of the aluminum-lithium alloy 1441 subjected to SPD, cause structural-phase transformations in it to proceed at a depth much higher than the projected ranges of the ions and with a repeatedly higher rate than conventional annealing.