Processes of global climate change observed on a territory of Russia have a direct impact both on the stability of existing and currently functioning ecosystems as a whole and on the socio-economic development of a particular region. In order to prevent and limit consequences of the negative impact of climate change on the spatial development of the country, a large number of regulatory legal acts have been developed, aimed, to a large extent, at adapting a socio-ecological and economic systems of the state to global climate processes. However, a latter is often generalized and do not take into account the specifics of individual regions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was, on the one hand, to determine approaches to assessing a damage caused to a national economy by forest fires caused by climate change on an example of the northern regions of Western Siberia. To achieve this goal, a following methods were used: theoretical generalization and comparison, abstract-logical and comparative-analytical analysis, structural analysis and comparison, economic and statistical methods, as well as graphical modeling. In a course of the study, the authors obtained a following results: firstly, a database was formed that characterizes the processes and phenomena of socio-ecological and economic systems, on the one hand, and climate change, on the other; secondly, a preliminary quantitative approbation of a hypothesis about a relationship, on the one hand, a number and area of forest fires, with an arc an increase in temperature in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous okrug (confirmed for the KhMAO in the aspect of the interdependence of the number of fires and the dynamics of temperature increase); thirdly, the main approaches to assessing a damage caused to the national economy by forest fires are highlighted, their features and evolution since the early 1990s are revealed. It is concluded that it is necessary to form a regional policy in a field of adaptation to climate change, taking into account a projected social and economic consequences.