The article describes the new areas of research in modern historiography as regards the problem of cultivating the New Person in the early Soviet society. An overview of studies on the doctrinal, discursive, and pragmatic aspects of this problem is provided. It is emphasized that in modern historiography, the phenomenon of the ‘New Person' is often analyzed as a component of the revolutionary Soviet project and that it is put into the European context as one of the variants of social engineering in modernity. The article focuses on studies of the actual transformations in the consciousness and behaviour of Soviet people, the related debates in source studies and the most significant conclusions made by these researchers.