The article discusses issues related to the procedure for conducting a special assessment of working conditions. Identification of harmful and dangerous production factors affecting divers when performing work under water has been carried out. Occupational diseases of divers associated with the effects of these factors are considered. Statistics of occupational diseases of divers in various branches of economic activity both in Russia and abroad are given. 24 summary statements of a special assessment of working conditions at 102 workplaces of divers at industrial enterprises, research institutes, emergency rescue units were analyzed. Based on the analysis, the shortcomings of the existing procedure for special assessment of working conditions were identified, the main of which is the low level of identification of harmful and dangerous production factors. In conclusion, recommendations have been developed to improve the procedure for conducting a special assessment of working conditions.