The article discusses the words and phraseological units that appeared in Russian dialects in the XX century (after the Revolution) and the beginning of the XXI century. It is shown which realia of this historical period were fixed in the language. An attempt is undertaken to give a chronological classification of these facts and to provide the analysis of the motives. The language units, studied in the article, are not always fixed in the dictionaries, as it seems too early to define the status of such units: whether we should classify them as conventional units included in the language or they are rather some temporary phenomena. The material for this research consists of the notes of Toponymic expedition of the Ural University, and the data of the dialect dictionaries. The following periods of the XX century in the history of Russia are singled out, each of them having its own ideological and cultural dominants: the period of Revolution and civil war; post-revolution period; the Great Patriotic War; post-war period; post-soviet period. The realia, which got their lexical or phraseological nomination are new technological processes of agricultural industry; posts and status; household items. The dialect of the XX century is characterized by the use of clichés of the Soviet period, phraseologization of some texts and academic style. “Regressive” nomination is widely used, when new words and phraseological units are used to denote the existing ideograms. “Progressive” nomination (naming of new ideograms using the existing images) is rare.