The publication presents a review of the literature, reflecting the scientific justification of mechanisms and development of mental disorders at bronchial asthma. A brief historical digression of studying asthma is described. Data of epidemiological studies of asthma in the world are presented. Modern theories of mental disorders development in asthma are considered. There has been an emphasis on the role of perinatal lesion of the central nervous system providing autonomic dysregulation in children with asthma. Psychological triggers jointly the personal characteristics of children with asthma are additional pathogenic factors. The stress-diathesis model explains the contribution of anxiety and depression in the formation of mental disorders at asthma.