The complex geopolitical situation, the intensification of contradictions, the appearance of new technological and economic factors that led to the manifestation of fierce competition between states increase the relevance of the research topic devoted to the analysis of the consequences of anti-Russian economic sanctions. The scientific problem of assessing the effectiveness of currency and customs regulation measures applied in the sanctions regime, as well as forecasting and assessing their negative consequences for the Russian state, business structures and society as a whole is recognized as one of the most difficult one. To solve this problem, the author summarizes the experience of applying economic sanctions in various countries. The author analyzes the impact of sanctions and current changes in Russian legislation on currency and customs regulation. As a result, an assessment of risks and possible negative consequences in order to develop effective responses within the framework of the Russian national security system is given. The research results can be useful to experts and specialists of the financial and monetary system engaged in currency and customs regulation, state authorities, as well as researchers studying the scientific problems of the impact of economic sanctions on the foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation.