The paper studies tribological aspects of nanostructuring burnishing of steels. The efficiency of the process in improving the tribological properties of steels is assessed as regards the choice of an indenter material and lubricant-coolant reasoning from the friction coefficient at the “indenter - treated part” contact and from the absence of adhesive bond and fatigue microcracks. It is shown that synthetic diamond and dense boron nitride are promising indenter materials for nanostructuring burnishing of corrosion-resistant 20X13 steel and cement 20X steel. It is demonstrated that nanostructuring burnishing increases the wear resistance of structural steels under abrasive action and sliding friction in different media (lubricant, water, air, and argon) due to suppressed processes of microcutting, plastic edging, fatigue and oxidation wear, and adhesive bonding.