The problem of identity is the part and parcel of several key ontological problems. The problem of computer pr ogram identity allows specifying certain notions of a computer program, defining the levels of abstraction and forms of computer programs. The given paper studies the problem of computer program identity semantically. In this context the study of philosophical and methodological problems of certain subjects becomes interdisciplinary. Two key semantic projects for the programming languages are compared here with the classical philosophic controversy of realism and antirealism. The article demonstrates the limits of the mentioned semantic approaches, which helps to consider calculating as the one connected with the issues of internationality and relevance going beyond the scope of formal semantics. The observer of the calculating process tends to give the calculating system a set of ontological assumptions, and only then considers these very assumptions and their results as an independent individual empiric discovery or a theoretical conclusion. The latter leads to the fact that the problem of computer program identity may be solved by means of different incongruous methods according to practical (“pragmatic”) intentions of the observer. As computer programs are created to meet different practical needs, the problem of their identity is not only theoretically important. Moreover, one may assume that the practical character of computer programs is the basis for the identity criteria, if to speak of them with regard to specific practical needs.